每天一篇javascript学习小结(面向对象编程)

  作者:bea

1、面向对象的工厂方法 function createPerson(name, age, job){ var o = new Object(); o.name = name; o.age = age; o.job = job; o.sayName = function(){ alert(this.name); }; return o; } var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas", 29,

1、面向对象的工厂方法




function createPerson(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();
o.name = name;
o.age = age;
o.job = job;
o.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
return o;
}

var person1 = createPerson("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = createPerson("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"


工厂模型的方法的缺点是会产生大量重复代码!


2、构造函数模式创建对象




function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
}

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"

alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true

alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //false


 使用new关键字创建对象会经历以下四个过程



  • 1、创建一个新对象

  • 2、将构造函数的作用域赋给一个新对象(因此this就指向了这个新对象)

  • 3、执行构造函数的方法(为这个新对象赋值)

  • 4、返回新对象


3、将构造函数当函数用




function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
}

var person = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
person.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor"); //adds to window
window.sayName(); //"Greg"

var o = new Object();
Person.call(o, "Kristen", 25, "Nurse");
o.sayName(); //"Kristen"


构造函数当做函数使用就和普通的函数没有任何不同,它属于window对象下面添加的方法而已。由于构造函数创建的对象实际上是创建一个新对象,因此在本质上两者还是不一样的,还是分离的,他们的方法还是不一样的!


4、将共有的方法方法全局解决不一致的问题




function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.sayName = sayName;
}

function sayName(){
alert(this.name);
}

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"
person2.sayName(); //"Greg"

alert(person1 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person1 instanceof Person); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Object); //true
alert(person2 instanceof Person); //true

alert(person1.constructor == Person); //true
alert(person2.constructor == Person); //true

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true


虽然上面的方法解决了一致的问题,但是定义的全局的方法本身属于window,那么局部和全局就没有分开!所以这个方法使用的并不多见!也不建议使用。


5、原型模式


我们创建的任何的一个函数都有一个原型对象,这个属性是一个指针,它指向一个对象,而这个对象的作用是可以有特定的类型的所有的实例共享的方法!




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
person1.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

var person2 = new Person();
person2.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

alert(person1.sayName == person2.sayName); //true

alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person1)); //true
alert(Person.prototype.isPrototypeOf(person2)); //true

//only works if Object.getPrototypeOf() is available
if (Object.getPrototypeOf){
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) == Person.prototype); //true
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(person1).name); //"Nicholas"
}


理解原型


无论什么时候只要是创建了一个函数,就会创建一个原型属性,这个属性指向函数的原型对象。在默认的情况下,原型对象都会包含一个constructor(构造函数属性),这个属性包含一个指向prototype属性所在函数的指针!


属性读取的顺序


每当代码读取某个对象的属性时候,都会执行一次搜索,目标是具有给定名字的属性,搜索从对象的实例本身开始查找,如有则返回,没有则继续搜索该对象的原型链,直至搜索到原型链的最外层!




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" 来自实例
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" 来自原型


如果删除了这个元素的实例属性




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype

delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype


6、hasOwnProperty方法


这个方法可以检测一个属性是否存在于实例中,还是存在于原型中!hasOwnProperty是从Object继承来的,只要给定属性存在于对象实例中,才会返回true.




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var person1 = new Person();
var person2 = new Person();

alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person1); //true

person1.name = "Greg";
alert(person1.name); //"Greg" ?from instance
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //true
alert("name" in person1); //true

alert(person2.name); //"Nicholas" ?from prototype
alert(person2.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person2); //true

delete person1.name;
alert(person1.name); //"Nicholas" - from the prototype
alert(person1.hasOwnProperty("name")); //false
alert("name" in person1); //true


7、Object.keys() 可枚举属性方法


这个方法接收一个对象作为参数,返回一个包含所有可枚举属性的字符串数组




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var keys = Object.keys(Person.prototype);
alert(keys); //"name,age,job,sayName"
如果想得到所有实例的属性,无论它是否可以枚举都可以使用这个方法来获取
function Person(){
}

Person.prototype.name = "Nicholas";
Person.prototype.age = 29;
Person.prototype.job = "Software Engineer";
Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

var keys = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Person.prototype);
alert(keys); //"constructor,name,age,job,sayName"


此方法高版本浏览器才支持


8、简单的原型写法




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype = {
name : "Nicholas",
age : 29,
job: "Software Engineer",
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};

var friend = new Person();

alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Person); //false
alert(friend.constructor == Object); //true



重写了原型就等于将默认的原型方法覆盖,那么同样的构造方法也会被重写,重写的构造方法指向了Object对象!而不是原来的对象Person


如果还是想指向之前的构造方法,可以显示的指定




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype = {
constructor : Person,
name : "Nicholas",
age : 29,
job: "Software Engineer",
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};

var friend = new Person();

alert(friend instanceof Object); //true
alert(friend instanceof Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Person); //true
alert(friend.constructor == Object); //false



9、原型方法的动态添加




function Person(){
}

Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
name : "Nicholas",
age : 29,
job : "Software Engineer",
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};

var friend = new Person();

Person.prototype.sayHi = function(){
alert("hi");
};

friend.sayHi(); //"hi" ?works!


10、原生对象的原型方法




alert(typeof Array.prototype.sort); //"function"
alert(typeof String.prototype.substring); //"function"

String.prototype.startsWith = function (text) {//修改原生对象的原型方法
return this.indexOf(text) == 0;
};

var msg = "Hello world!";
alert(msg.startsWith("Hello")); //true



11、组合使用构造函数和原型模式创建对象




//构造函数模式
function Person(name, age, job){
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;
this.friends = ["Shelby", "Court"];
}
//原型模式
Person.prototype = {
constructor: Person,
sayName : function () {
alert(this.name);
}
};

var person1 = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
var person2 = new Person("Greg", 27, "Doctor");

person1.friends.push("Van");

alert(person1.friends); //"Shelby,Court,Van"
alert(person2.friends); //"Shelby,Court"
alert(person1.friends === person2.friends); //false
alert(person1.sayName === person2.sayName); //true


12、动态原型模式




function Person(name, age, job){

//properties
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.job = job;

//methods
if (typeof this.sayName != "function"){

Person.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

}
}

var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName();



13、寄生构造函数模式




function Person(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();//依赖全局对象初始化一个对象,然后再返回这个对象
o.name = name;
o.age = age;
o.job = job;
o.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};
return o;
}

var friend = new Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"

function SpecialArray(){

//create the array
var values = new Array();

//add the values
values.push.apply(values, arguments);

//assign the method
values.toPipedString = function(){
return this.join("|");
};

//return it
return values;
}

var colors = new SpecialArray("red", "blue", "green");
alert(colors.toPipedString()); //"red|blue|green"

alert(colors instanceof SpecialArray);



上诉方法有一点说明下,由于它是依赖外层对象来创建一个新对象,因此不能依赖 instanceof方法来确定属性和方法的来源!它实际上和构造函数的没有关系!


14、稳妥构造函数模式




function Person(name, age, job){
var o = new Object();
o.sayName = function(){
alert(name);
};
return o;
}

var friend = Person("Nicholas", 29, "Software Engineer");
friend.sayName(); //"Nicholas"


此方法不依赖任何new this 关键符!如果要访问对象的方法和属性,只能通过对象已经定义好的方法来获取!


15、继承
javascript实现继承是通过原型链来实现的




function SuperType(){
this.property = true;//定义一个属性
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){//定义的原型方法
return this.property;
};

function SubType(){
this.subproperty = false;
}

//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
return this.subproperty;
};

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //true

alert(instance instanceof Object); //true
alert(instance instanceof SuperType); //true
alert(instance instanceof SubType); //true

alert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance)); //true
SubType继承SuperType的方法和属性,因此当instance可以直接调用SuperType的方法!
function SuperType(){
this.property = true;
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
return this.property;
};

function SubType(){
this.subproperty = false;
}

//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

//new method
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function (){
return this.subproperty;
};

//override existing method
SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function (){
return false;
};

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //false



上面的例子说明,重写的原型会覆盖之前继承的原型,最后返回的往往不是预期的效果




function SuperType(){
this.property = true;
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function(){
return this.property;
};

function SubType(){
this.subproperty = false;
}

//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

//使用字面量添加的方法导致上面的方法失效了
SubType.prototype = {
getSubValue : function (){
return this.subproperty;
},

someOtherMethod : function (){
return false;
}
};

var instance = new SubType();
console.log(instance);
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //error!


下面的例子也说明重写原型带来的风险




function SuperType(){
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

function SubType(){
}

//inherit from SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"

var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"



原型共享导致两个不同的对象调用的同一个数据
16、借用构造函数来实现继承




function SuperType(){
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

function SubType(){
//inherit from SuperType
SuperType.call(this);
}

var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"

var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"



传递参数




function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
}

function SubType(){
//inherit from SuperType passing in an argument
SuperType.call(this, "Nicholas");

//instance property
this.age = 29;
}

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.name); //"Nicholas";
alert(instance.age); //29



17、组合继承方式




function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

function SubType(name, age){
SuperType.call(this, name);

this.age = age;
}



18、原型继承




function object(o){
function F(){}
F.prototype = o;
return new F();
}

var person = {
name: "Nicholas",
friends: ["Shelby", "Court", "Van"]
};

var anotherPerson = object(person);
anotherPerson.name = "Greg";
anotherPerson.friends.push("Rob");


19、寄生组合式继承




function object(o){
function F(){}
F.prototype = o;
return new F();
}

function inheritPrototype(subType, superType){
var prototype = object(superType.prototype); //create object
prototype.constructor = subType; //augment object
subType.prototype = prototype; //assign object
}

function SuperType(name){
this.name = name;
this.colors = ["red", "blue", "green"];
}

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function(){
alert(this.name);
};

function SubType(name, age){
SuperType.call(this, name);

this.age = age;
}

inheritPrototype(SubType, SuperType);

SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
alert(this.age);
};

var instance1 = new SubType("Nicholas", 29);
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
instance1.sayName(); //"Nicholas";
instance1.sayAge(); //29


var instance2 = new SubType("Greg", 27);
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
instance2.sayName(); //"Greg";
instance2.sayAge(); //27


以上就是今天的javascript学习小结,之后每天还会继续更新,希望大家继续关注。




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